Exact(4)
For all linear regressions and ANCOVAs, we conducted randomization tests to quantify the significance of our results as the use of standard statistical tables may bias results in time series with significant temporal autocorrelation.
Participants are randomly assigned to either of the two research conditions by means of a centrally conducted randomization stratified for gender.
Furthermore, because our sample sizes were often small (<20), we also conducted randomization tests similar to those presented in Emerson et al. (2004).
To avoid the effect from false-positives in the miRNA target data, we conducted randomization tests to ensure the biological significance of the identified lung cancer-related miRNAs and TFs.
Similar(4)
Upon completion of the baseline telephone interview, participants were randomized by the study coordinator as they enrolled according to a schedule pre-determined by the study statistician and unobservable to the staff conducting randomization, based on a random number table embedded in the backend of the recruitment tracking database.
To detect instances in which the Yule-Simpson effect is underlying observed differences across regions we propose conducting randomization tests in which the values of observed data-points are randomized but not the locations at which there is observed or missing data (see Methods).
Differences were considered significant, after conducting randomizations, according to the rule described in the Methods.
By conducting randomizations to control for the spatial and temporal distribution of individuals, we further show that differences in social phenotypes were not solely explained by within-population variation in local densities, but also reflected fine-scale variation in social decision making.
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