Fourth generation CARs add new activities such as a suicide mechanism to kill off the CARs in case they become over-proliferative, or utilize T cells that have been conditioned to recognize viral antigens which can be used as "vaccines" to increase the persistence of the CAR-T construct (Chmielewski et al., 2014; Smith et al., 2016; Lim and June, 2017).
In other words, tadpoles pre-exposed to salamander odour and conditioned to recognize newts as a predator would be predicted to show an antipredator response to newts, although lower than the response exhibited by their non-pre-exposed counterparts.
Patients with GAD are more likely than other patients to present with medical comorbidities, seek medical care, and undergo extensive medical testing (to rule out other pathologies), making GAD a challenging medical condition to recognize [ 5, 6].
Tadpoles conditioned to recognize the fish (TP + Fish) displayed a strong antipredator response to fish odour only (F2,29 = 12.0, P < 0.001), but did not reduce activity to salamander or newt odour (Fig. 1, top panel).
One explanation for our finding is that asthmatics may be conditioned to recognize their symptoms, responding with preexisting prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, or outpatient doctor visits, instead of visits to the ED.
Tadpoles conditioned to recognize salamander (TP + Salamander) responded with a different intensity to the three cues (F2,29 = 34.8, P < 0.001), displaying their strongest antipredator response to salamander odour, a weaker one to the closely related newt odour, but did not show a consistent reduction in activity in response to fish odour.
Tadpoles conditioned to recognize newt odour (TP + Newt) responded with a similar pattern (F2,30 = 13.3, P < 0.001), however, displaying their strongest antipredator response to newt odour, a weaker one to salamander odour and no consistent reduction in activity in response to the fish odour.
Chivers and Smith (1995a, b) showed that minnows conditioned to recognize water from a habitat that was vegetated with emergent cattails (Typha latifotia) and bulrushes (Scirpus spp. ) did not generalize their recognition to water from an open habitat located 5 m from the nearest vegetation.
Some details about the site geological conditions allow to recognize the causes of the difficult conditions which drove towards specific choices about the features of soil nails, acting on both aspects of mechanical reinforcement and drainage.
