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To this end, we tried to classically condition human participants to experience a mental fatigue sensation when they were listening to sounds, using fatigue-inducing mental task trials (two-back task trials) as the unconditioned stimuli and metronome sounds as the conditioned stimuli (conditioning group).
Each row in the matrix contains the distribution of amino acids in those aligned positions that contain a given conditioning group of amino acids.
Although both groups responded similarly to the CS− during conditioning (group effect: F1,205 = 0.13, NS; group×trial interaction: F5,1025 = 0.36, NS), the evolution of responses to the CS+ were different as shown by a significant group×trial interaction (F5,1025 = 5.4, p<0.0001; group effect: F1,205 = 1.3, NS).
Bottom: reverse conditioning group did not show CTA.
(A ) Percentage distributions of neurons, pooled from eight animals in each conditioning group, are shown.
In addition to the conditioning group, we performed additional experiment to confirm that repetitive listening to metronome sounds did not induce the fatigue sensation (control group).
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In conditioning groups, the ARs addition ratio was set at 1 2 (VSAR:VSSWAS).
The distribution shifted to a higher dF/F after 2h later in all groups and the largest shift was observed in T1 compared to other conditioning groups.
Principal component analysis (PCA) of classified OTUs in five samples revealed that the microbial communities in ARs conditioning groups were significantly shifted from that in BL (Fig. 5a).
For achieving second-order conditioning, groups of animals were subjected to CS1-US pairing trials and then CS2-CS1 pairing trials (see Figure 5A).
In Figure 4C, to simplify, the values of dF/F at 2 hr after conditioning were compared, and standardized by subtracting the 'before' values from '2 hr after' among the different conditioning groups (dF/F(2 hr−before)).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com