Although successive governments have tightened benefit conditionality over the past 10 years, ministers dramatically escalated the use of sanctions under new rules introduced in 2012.
"The talk of conditionality over aid that we are hearing from the Trump administration is foolish and doesn't work," said John Norris of the Sustainable Security and Peacebuilding Initiative at the Center for American Progress, who served on Barack Obama's Global Development Council.
The progressive tightening of benefit conditionality and the growth of sanctions over the past 20 years had amounted to the creation of a "parallel, secret penal system for benefit claimants".
Although little conditionality was attached to these loans, and over 100 crucial infrastructure projects have been started as a result, Angola is what Chris Alden has dubbed an "illiberal regime with weak democracy" — it's far from clear how fair and transparent these negotiations were.
Such disassembling can enable the rise of a new type of global geopolitics, one where national sovereign territory increasingly is subject to non-national systems of authority from familiar IMF and WTO conditionality to elementary controls by diverse foreign actors over growing stretches of a country's land.
It has been well argued that the US often has disproportionate influence over the World Bank's fund disbursement and conditionality decisions [ 61- 63].
There will be a "troika presence", with Spain forced to cede significant regulatory and supervisory control over its banking sector Politically speaking, the policy conditionality in the banking sector is a severe blow for the Rajoy government as it comes just as further austerity measures have been announced, including a politically perilous hike in VAT which Mr Rajoy had previously opposed.
It reflects battles that have taken place within the party over how tough a line to take on welfare conditionality.
There is good reason to believe that this conditionality could work: Egypt is approaching bankruptcy, and Washington has unique leverage over Cairo through its influence in international financial institutions.
That is why countries like India eschew the offer of aid (a gift, offered with heavy conditionality) but are willing to accept the idea of climate finance (a right, over which they have more control).
Exploiting the weaknesses in the country's constitutional structure, the international community's weariness and EU inability to stick by its conditionality, he has, in two years, reversed much of the real progress in Bosnia over the past 13, crucially weakened the institutions of the Bosnian state, and all but stopped the country's evolution into a functioning (and EU-compatible) state.
