(1) and (2) is to project the probability of an individual working, and conditional on working the probability of contributing to social security.
The impact of windfall gains is stronger at the external margin, that is, individuals adjust their labour supply primarily by dropping out of the labour force, rather than by reducing their working hours, conditional on working.
The conditional probability Pα[A | (B·C)] completely discounts the possibility that B is false, whereas the probability of the conditional Pα[(B⊃A) | C] depends significantly on how probable B is (given C), and must approach 1 if Pα[B | C] is near 0. Rule (5*) captures how this difference between the conditional probability and the probability of a conditional works.
The court delivered a serious blow to Obama's 2014 executive actions on immigration when it failed to come to a majority opinion for or against an expansion of his policies to give conditional work permits and reprieve to certain undocumented immigrants, potentially as many as 5 million.
So the treatment goes essentially as it did for (13)/(13a) itself, with the externally dynamic existential quantifier, internally dynamic conditional, and universal quantification over sequences in the semantics of the conditional all working their magic so that (14)'s truth requires every donkey owning woman to beat every donkey she owns.
Weekly working hours, on average, increase by 2.152 hours (specification (2)) or, conditional on working, for 0.028 log hours, approximately 2.8% (specification (3)).
In contrast to the gap in employment, the gender gap in hours worked (conditional on working) has been widening over this period and in particular since the 1990s (Fig. 7a).
The reason is that in-work transfers are means of passing income towards low revenue families conditional on working, incentivizing work and avoiding poverty traps implied by excessive marginal tax rates.
The first set of measures in this category comprises financial transfers in the form wage subsidies to workers, for example in-work benefits, reductions in social security contributions, tax credits and other making work pay schemes paid to low-wage workers or low-income families to raise their income conditional on working.
