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Identification relies on "selection on observed variables" plus careful comparison group selection and institutional knowledge regarding sources of conditional variation in participation.
The regression specified above illustrates the conditional variation in weight across groups with different income status at a point in time (income quartile is always measured in the year of observation, relative to other respondents in that year).
Differential expression methods compute the mean difference between groups for each gene but typically do not incorporate conditional variation from other genes in the data that may help explain the between-group variation.
As the DNA methylation patterns are prone to individual and conditional variation, we focused on the analysis of the genes revealing the most distinguishing differences in the methylation status.
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Mullins et al. (2009) showed that in the case of large fluid conditional variations and compartmentalization, DFA can be used as a tool to help in delineating these variations in a cost-effective manner.
In order to bound the p-variation norm of the stochastic integral, we apply the conditional version of the Burkholder Davis Gundy inequality for p-variation, see (5).
Comparison of the measured conditional mean variation of OH vs. H2O with a series of stretched laminar partially premixed flame and diffusion flame calculations reveals that for the unswirled flame, the differential molecular diffusion and radial dependence of conditional means are minor at x/D = 6.4 for stretch rates from a = 14,000 to 400 s-1.
Interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear gene products that underlie eukaryotic energy metabolism can cause the fitness effects of mutations in one genome to be conditional on variation in the other genome.
Possible methods include using conditional variance restrictions as in Graham (2008), or using variation in network/group size as in Lee (2007).
Minimizing the conditional variance based on the A matrix (MCA ) makes sense since the aim is to predict the missing genotypes and thus, conditional on (dense) genotypic information, to minimize the unexplained genetic variation.
However, the optimal correction factor is scan-dependent, conditional on variations in VOI size and placement, heart size, breathing pattern, and subject motion.
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