When CIA holds, and conditional on X, assignment to treatment can be considered as good as random, implying that for each cell determined by X, each treatment group will have the same composition in terms of potential outcomes and individual characteristics.
Conditional on the treatment assignment, the marginal probability of an infant from a complete twin pair having an event was the same as the probability of a singleton or unmatched twin having an event.
Briefly, propensity score is the probability of treatment assignment conditional on observed baseline characteristics (Austin, 2011).
In an observational study of the effects of treatments, exposures, or interventions, the propensity score is the probability of treatment assignment conditional on observed baseline covariates (1– 4).
Propensity scores, i.e. the probabilities of treatment assignment conditional on observed baseline characteristics, were calculated using a generalized boosted regression model (McCaffrey et al. 2013).
The key assumption in this approach is that conditional on the propensity score, assignment to the treatment (member) and control (non-member) groups can be taken to be random (Rosenbaum & Rubin, 1983).
Other methods in this setting include propensity score adjusted models in which the probability of treatment assignment conditional on baseline covariates (or propensity score) is adjusted for as an additional covariate.
The key assumption in the PSM approach is that conditional on the propensity score, assignments to exposed and unexposed groups can be considered as random [ 32].
This means that conditional on the observed covariates the treatment assignment was independent of unobserved covariates that are correlated with the outcome.
7. One can have a determinate subjective probability for H conditional on E even when one lacks determinate probabilities for H & E and E. Statistical evidence often justifies assignments of conditional probability without providing any information about underlying unconditional probabilities.
Note that P HO|HF,GO) specifies in each nucleus the probability of any particular haplotype assignment in the offspring, conditional on the founders' haplotypes and on the available genotyping data.
