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Consequently, for a sentence σ in the language of arithmetic, σ is true in arithmetic iff the conditional is valid.
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The conditional sorites is valid but unsound.
Answering this question for given data is of high practical relevance since, if the conditional independence assumption is valid, network dynamics can be modeled with simple and computationally efficient statistical techniques for independent observations.
On this approach the conditional form of the sorites is valid and a type (2) response is advocated.
Moreover, no matter what the population history is, as long as A and B are free of measurable LD (so that our assumption of independence of alleles conditional on a single ancestry is valid), there will be no effect on the estimated date of admixture.
Having a rich set of observables is, as previously stated, crucial for being able to claim that the CIA holds and thus that the conditional differences- in-differences (cDiD) is valid.
They also used an expression for the conditional variance of the missing genotypes that is valid only for multivariate normal variables.
Although both are conditional likelihoods given (z i, u i ), the general theory discussed in Section 2 is valid without any alteration.
The imputation procedure implicit in the IPWRA method is valid only under the assumption that assignment to treatment is independent on potential outcomes, conditional on a set of predetermined characteristics X (the so called Conditional Independence Assumption CIA).
And "international" is valid.
Their point is valid.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com