Hempel applied "Nicod's criterion" to this example, where Nicod had proposed that, in relation to conditional hypotheses, instances of their antecedents that are also instances of their consequents confirm them; instances of their antecedents that are not instances of their consequents disconfirm them; and non-instantiations of their antecedents are neutral, neither confirming nor disconfirming.
Counterfactuals about particulars are understood to be true if the corresponding indicative conditionals are instances of true nomological generalizations.
The Generalized Horn Flat patterns have the following form: (a1 > b1), …, (an > bn) ⊢ (a > b); where negations are allowed in the left hand side of the pattern and where the letters ai, a, etc only admit conditional-free instances.
Conditional Independence, for instance, is an extremely powerful and intuitive concept which has been put to fruitful use in many areas in philosophy and computer science, the most spectacular example being the theory of Bayesian networks (Pearl, 1985).
For instance, conditional activation of the p53 pathway in MEFs is known to trigger reversible cell cycle arrest, whereas activation of p53 in the presence of oncogenic Ras leads to permanent cell cycle arrest with features of replicative senescence (Figure 1A) [1A].
For instance, conditional GEMMs have a long lead-time to be established and validated.
For instance, conditional deletion studies in the adult brain have highlighted the opposite effects of class I and II HDACs on memory formation.
A similar conservative behavior has been observed for other exact conditional methods, for instance, Fisher's exact test for two independent binomial proportions [ 5] and the Cornfield exact confidence interval for the independent odds ratio [ 16].
When LVDM computes the distance between a test instance and each training instance, the conditional probabilities in VDM are estimated by counting from the neighborhood of the test instance only instead of from all the training data.
These instances of conditional pleiotropy often appear as "epistatic pleiotropy" (Wolf et al. 2005; Wolf et al. 2006), in which pairs of QTL exhibit epistasis across multiple related traits.
A stress response has been previously reported upon DNMT1 knockdown and was shown to evolve into mitotic catastrophe in the case of complete abolition of DNMT1 expression, for instance, following conditional deletion of the gene [ 30, 31].
