Direct income-transfer policies include traditional means-tested and conditional cash welfare payments.
In contrast, in-kind transfers, because they were conditional on cash benefit receipt, simply required that applicants complete a short form detailing the number and ages of their children and verify that they were in receipt of Income Support (or also Family Credit prior to the 1988 reform).
In the UK, the Educational Maintenance Allowances (EMA's) provided a sizeable means tested cash benefit conditional on participation in education (Dearden et al. 2009).
It now reaches 46m people, a quarter of Brazil's population, making it the world's largest "conditional cash transfer" programme (ie, benefits are linked to the recipients' behaviour).
Given the importance of out-of-pocket costs resulting from facility delivery, further evaluations are needed of the potential benefits of conditional cash transfers and similar schemes.
Free maternity care was available to women from the 25 least developed districts as an additional benefit to the conditional cash transfer.
26%37%12%7%9%% 7 % 9 % TOTAL 100%100%100%100%100%0 % 100 % Social Program Participant Dummy variable, 1 if household receives benefits from a conditional cash transfer program (Oportunidades or Apoyo Alimentario), 0 otherwise.
Zeynep benefits from the Conditional Cash Transfer for Education Programme (CCTE), which encouraged her family to keep her in school continuing her education.
Conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs) in Latin America and Asia, which make cash benefits conditional on household members' participation in education, health and nutrition services, are reviewed here because most strong, rigorous evidence to date on cash transfer impacts come from these programmes.
" Dova, female, caregiver benefitting from conditional cash transfers The quotes by Raviro and Dova are indicative of the kind of empathy that characterises this rural area of Zimbabwe, and highlight more widespread benefits that go above and beyond the targeted household.
