In contrast, under AL conditions reproduction is optimized at the expense of longevity (Kirkwood and Rose 1991; Holliday 1989; Masoro 2003; Merry and Holehan 1979).
Mild winters keep females alive and put them in better condition for reproduction, and there has been a lot of food for them".
There was no significant interaction between aphid clone and exposure condition on reproduction (Table 1a).
In contrast, the negative association between body condition and reproduction in spring and summer suggests that females lose weight during pregnancy in these seasons.
Such Drosophila-cactus interactions include effects of the host plant on the physiology and behavior of the flies, especially so their nutritional status, mating condition and reproduction.
The positive influence of body condition on reproduction during autumn and winter suggests that only the fattest females are able to reproduce during the less favourable seasons and that they remain in better condition than others, a rather general result [ 58].
These response surfaces are thereafter averaged and the minimum in the average surface is regarded as optimal conditions for reproduction of the retention pattern.
The recent increase is due to both lower fishing effort and mortality, and improved hydrographic conditions for reproduction.
Under laboratory conditions sexual reproduction is triggered in these fungi by the recognition of a compatible mating partner that usually carries a different MAT allele (MATα and MATa).
For example, the new extended time series of biomass and recruitment [104], [105] indicate that high cod biomass was associated with a combination of reduced exploitation and good hydrographic conditions for reproduction, rather than reduced seal predation or nutrient concentrations [106].
Tick abundance is an indicator of the suitability of environmental conditions for reproduction and survival.
