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Participants in a neutral condition listened to a piece of classical music or watched a video clip of ocean fish.
Raters blind to the experimental condition listened to the recall verbalizations of each participant using the Penn TotalRecall toolbox (http://memory.psych.upenn.edu/TotalRecall) and coded for the presence or absence of the critical lure on each list.
Students in two conditions (laptop multitasking or no multitasking condition) listened to a lecture and completed a comprehension exam.
Participants in the written condition read the descriptions, and participants in the spoken condition listened to the description being read out by the experimenter.
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Watkins et al. (2003) did not report statistical tests between a baseline condition (listening to white noise) and other experimental conditions.
Participants were randomly allocated to either an experimental stress induction (preparation period for a video-taped speech) or relaxation induction condition (listening to relaxing music), with each induction lasting five minutes.
We have also analysed data from a group of 13 participants (the original eight published and an additional five new participants) and found the same pattern (see Figure 1); paired t-test with baseline condition: listening to speech: t(12) = 2.33, p =.02; viewing lip movements: t(12) = 1.92, p =.04; listening to environmental noise: t(12) = 1.28; viewing eye movements: t(12) = −1.28.
However, participants in both imagery and non-imagery conditions listened to the same positive training scenarios.
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Despite hearing terrifying evidence from some of world's leading climate change experts; learning of the millions of pounds spent in their local area as a result of extreme weather conditions; listening to gut-wrenching testimonies from flood victims across the globe; and observing senior politicians explain our crippling democratic deficit, the jury went on to deliver a unanimous guilty verdict.
In the control condition, subjects listened to temporally reversed versions of the narrative stimuli (RevSp condition).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com