There was no difference in concreteness ratings between cognate and noncognate items.
According to the concreteness effect, concrete words are more easily and quickly remembered and recognized than abstract words due to the difference in image ability between concrete and abstract words [Kroll and Merves, 1986].
There were also some correlations between low concreteness and PTSD symptom severity.
Each word was four to eight letters long, had one to three syllables, and had familiarity, concreteness, and imagability ratings between 400 and 700.
Study 1 found neither significant correlations between mean concreteness ratings and symptom severity scores (see Table 3), nor significant group differences (see Table 2).
In Experiment 1, children with low prior knowledge received instruction in one of four conditions: (a) concrete, (b) abstract, (c) concreteness fading, or (d) concreteness introduction.
For concreteness, we take a point between the two Hopf curves in Figure 1(b), namely, ( h E, h I ) = ( 0, − 4 ).
However, neither concreteness scores nor the interaction between concreteness and self-reported rumination scores significantly improved the prediction of depressive symptom severities (all | β| < .17, all ps > .06).06
In all but one analysis the prediction of PTSD symptom severities could significantly be improved by either concreteness scores or the interaction between concreteness scores and self-reported rumination entered as additional predictor variables, although the additional amount of variance was small and ranged between 3 and 4% (see Table 4).
Third, Takano and Tanno (2010) used an experience sampling method to investigate the relationship between self-focus, concreteness of thinking, depressive symptoms and concurrent negative affect in daily life.
