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Importantly, the lesson used no concrete spatial imagery.
Gestural models have been observed in extended descriptions of concrete spatial layouts (Emmorey, Tversky, & Taylor, 2000), but gestural models of purely abstract relationships have not been described previously.
In such cases, a set of concrete spatial relations in the world is mapped in schematic fashion to some spatial representation of that world.
In our materials, we attempted to encourage highly abstract representations of such systems, devoid of the kinds of imagery that might prompt concrete spatial gestures.
The idea of this article is to discuss how the BCG's product portfolio analysis and the Delphi methodology can be combined in a concrete spatial planning process.
Other work has described such "co-thought gestures" in the case of concrete spatial reasoning tasks, such as mental rotation, and has shown that that they benefit reasoning (Chu & Kita, 2011; see also Jamalian, Giardino, & Tversky, 2013).
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It would appear to follow from this that the type must be a concrete, spatially located entity, since anything that can be a particular instantiation of a spatial property must be located in space.
Most of us are not very good at thinking about abstractions or spiritual states, so we rely on concrete or spatial metaphors to (imperfectly) do the job.
A further historical example comes from Frege's (1884) discussion of abstract objects in mathematics, dubbed the way of negation by Lewis (1986), which involved defining abstract objects as those which lack certain features possessed by their concrete counterparts: spatial and temporal extension, and causal powers.
Maybe someday another company with more money to burn will want to realize Mr. Olbinski's visions in more spatial, concrete fashion.
However, not all maps refer to external reality or to concrete objects with spatial dimensions (Card et al. 1999).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com