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Later rebuttals of this paper contested whether the abstract versus concrete distinction was clearly defined in the original study (see Reed, 2008, for a collection of letters on the subject).
This is typified in the WHO report [ 30] that refers to 'bottled water' and 'packaged water' interchangeably without making concrete distinction between the two terms (for instance, Section 6.5.2: p114).
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(Lewis characterizes these possible worlds as "concrete" only with reservation, given competing, non-equivalent conceptions of the abstract-concrete distinction).
For the calculation of the shear capacity of a structural concrete member, a distinction is to be made between members with and without shear reinforcement.
In the 20th century, pattern poetry sometimes crossed paths with concrete poetry; a basic distinction between the two types of poetry is the ability of pattern poetry to hold its meaning apart from its typography i.e., it can be read aloud and still retain its meaning.
A courageous stand on the Armenian genocide exists in the realm of ideas, but if Kurdistan becomes as unstable and violent as the rest of Iraq, then that will be a concrete fact, and this distinction matters a hell of a lot.
Let us make this distinction more concrete.
This is where I think the distinction between concrete and soft problems comes in handy.
This distinction of concrete efficacy, and the account about this efficacy is not present in Aristotle.
They accepted the distinction between concrete bodies and abstract ones, but rejected Aristotle's belief that purely incorporeal being exists.
Some 25 years and several local, national and global campaigns after I made the "hard" distinction between the "concrete" work of "real" political organizing and what I saw as the more ancillary work of artists, creative interventions like the kite action have turned me into a cultural believer.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com