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Second, given the cross-sectional design, the results of the present study do not permit any conclusions on causality or causal directions between obesity and comorbidities.
To allow conclusions on causality among research variables, the study applied a longitudinal design where influence tactics were measured at time 1 and POPS, ME, and POF were measured 6 months later.
The cross-sectional design of data collection does not allow definite conclusions on causality.
The main limitation of our study is inherent to its observational nature that precludes conclusions on causality.
It must be noted, however, that the current study design does not allow drawing conclusions on causality.
We can not drawn conclusions on causality of associations of different factors with IPIs as this is a limitation in cross sectional study design.
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This study was based on cross sectional data and this implies difficulties in drawing conclusions on causalities.
However, conclusion on causality could not be drawn given the nature of the study.
First, the cross-sectional nature of our survey did not allow any conclusion on causality.
The final conclusion on causality was obtained in a subjective manner on the basis of the weight of all evidence in relation to strength of association, consistency, dose response, and temporality.
Furthermore, many lifestyle, socioeconomic, cultural and genetic factors, in which smokers differ from non-smokers in non-random ways, complicate this relationship and make it difficult to come to a final conclusion on causality.
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