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Although our results suggested that specific comorbidities may play a role in the development of osteonecrosis of the humeral head, further studies are required to conclude a causal association between them.
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Nevertheless, DeRoo et al. concluded that a causal association between smoking and breast cancer was unlikely.
They both concluded that a causal association between preterm births and maternal/residential proximity to the Tar Ponds could not be inferred from the statistical analysis.
It was concluded that a causal association between the dietary acid load and osteoporotic bone disease is not supported by evidence, nor that an alkaline diet favourably influences bone health.
The experience and belief of IEI-EMF patients is in contrast with the scientific state of the art; results from systematic assessment of experimental and epidemiological evidence are consistent, concluding that a causal association of EMF exposure with symptomatic and other physiologic or cognitive reactions cannot be adequately supported [ 12- 17].
Again, the data do not allow us to conclude a causal pathway.
However, our study is cross-sectional and we cannot conclude a causal relationship.
Overall, in these occupational cohort studies with the better estimates of DE exposure and adjustments for smoking, the weight of evidence remains inadequate to conclude that there is a causal association between DE exposures and lung cancer.
Based on epidemiological and toxicological studies, as well as an understanding of biological mechanism, the panel concluded that there is a causal association between active smoking and premenopausal breast cancer.
Consequently, although it may be appropriate for IARC, NTP, or US EPA to rely, at least in part, on what appear to be precautionary approaches or perhaps policy considerations as a basis for concluding that there is a causal association between exposure to formaldehyde and leukemia, such conclusions cannot be supported based on the available science and biological plausibility.
The recent US EPA (2010a) IRIS assessment of formaldehyde goes beyond the conclusions of either IARC or NTP by concluding that there is a causal association between exposure to formaldehyde and all forms of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) as well as Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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