The dominant conceptualization of equitable access to health care among health service researchers builds on the idea that the utilization of services should reflect actual needs for care (Aday and Anderson 1974 , 1975 Aday 1975, Aday, Anderson and Fleming 1980, Aday 2001, Aday et al. 2004).
Aided by advances in geographic information science and technology, the conceptualization and measurement of access has evolved to include spatial measurement.
Through a detailed qualitative analysis, this study contributes to our understanding of different subtypes of avoidance in a vulnerable population, going beyond a conceptualization of barriers to access as discrete phenomena in isolation from each other.
From the perspective of public health, it is argued that a UHC package should include a comprehensive spectrum of health services in line with the WHO's conceptualization of UHC as " access to key promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health interventions …" [ 2, 6].
In the last two decades scholars have gradually refined the conceptualization of the digital divide, moving from a dichotomous model mainly based on access, to a multidimensional model accounting for differences in usage levels and actors' perspectives.
One notable result has been the United Nations Development Programme's conceptualization of human development, which includes the capacity of people to lead long and healthy lives, acquire knowledge, and have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living.
J.F.P. contributed to the conceptualization of VirMAP.
contributed to conceptualization of experiments and data analyses.
J.C.L. contributed to conceptualization of experiments and review of data.
