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The basic concepts of most DKP systems are simple.
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The concept of "most pessimistic" refers to the minimal cross-sectional average of undrained shear strength.
The wind speed was also analyzed using the concept of most probable wind speed.
Clearly, only a minority of these students relied on the critical macroevolutionary concept of most recent common ancestry to evaluate the relationships depicted in these cladograms.
Success on the evolutionary relatedness questions was assessed by a composite score (on a zero-to-one scale) that included both accuracy of evaluating relative relatedness and use of the concept of most recent common ancestry to explain relatedness.
Moreover, the proportion of students who used the concept of most recent common ancestry (explanation score of one) to justify a correct evolutionary relatedness response for both questions increased from 0.00 before instruction to only 0.17 after instruction.
These results indicate that the concept of most recent common ancestry, which is essential for assessing relative relatedness among taxa, is difficult for college biology students to apply to evolutionary relationships represented diagrammatically in a cladogram.
Yet, even the stronger-background students in Study 2, who received two days of in-depth instruction in phylogenetics in a semester-long Evolution course, in general failed to demonstrate a high level of competence at a foundational tree-thinking skill the ability to assess relative evolutionary relatedness among taxa using the concept of most recent common ancestry by the end of the course.
Students' mean composite scores were extremely low overall (see Table 1), and only four students (two stronger and two weaker background) used the concept of most recent common ancestry to justify a correct polytomy evolutionary relatedness response, each for only one of the two questions.
He's made a point of highlighting one or more of the concepts on most days, via his newly revived Twitter presence.
Unfortunately, Apple's policies restrict the number of copies Qik can send this way, so the application remained mostly a proof-of-concept for most people.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com