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We need new concepts of deterrence that rely on both offensive and defensive forces.
If you go back in the first 10, 20 years, we were still debating about, 'Well, what are the fundamental concepts of deterrence?' This whole idea of mutually assured destruction – that didn't develop in five years, for example.
"Traditional concepts of deterrence," the Bush authors write, "will not work against a terrorist enemy whose avowed tactics are wanton destruction and the targeting of innocents; whose so-called soldiers seek martyrdom in death and whose most potent protection is statelessness".
For many in Mr. Bush's wary audience of nearly 200 nations, and other foreign policy experts, merely the notion raises sobering questions about traditional concepts of deterrence that have kept any number of mortal enemies, from India and Pakistan to North and South Korea, from trying to blow the other up first.
The 2002 National Security Strategy, signed by the president one year after the Sept. 11 attacks, stated flatly that "traditional concepts of deterrence will not work against a terrorist enemy whose avowed tactics are wanton destruction and the targeting of innocents".
The National Security Strategy of 2002, signed by President George W. Bush one year after the Sept. 11 attacks, stated that "traditional concepts of deterrence will not work against a terrorist enemy whose avowed tactics are wanton destruction and the targeting of innocents".
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Israel needs instead to abandon its military concept of deterrence in favor of a more pragmatic political one.
The report continues: "The government should do more to explain what the concept of deterrence means in today's strategic environment".
The officials said the change in focus devalued the concept of deterrence, by which the sheer force of the American arsenal would inhibit even the most irresponsible leader from attacking American soil.
So we must have a broad strategy of active nonproliferation, counterproliferation and a new concept of deterrence that includes defenses sufficient to protect our people, our forces and our allies, as well as reduce reliance on nuclear weapons.
Yet this concept of deterrence does not apply to terrorists, whose willingness to commit suicide in pursuit of fanatical objectives -- and lack of a fixed geographical territory that the United States can retaliate against -- make them immune to traditional deterrence strategies.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com