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These variantist views are fairly strongly revisionist with respect to traditional conceptions of responsibility in the 20th century philosophical literature.
It also parallels legal conceptions of responsibility, where theorists distinguish retrospective (historic) and prospective functions of legal responsibility (Cane, 2002).
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It appears that, to reconcile such thick accounts of luck with neutralizing luck on the basis of counterfactual levels of effort, we would need to endorse a regressive conception of responsibility on which to be responsible for something one has to be responsible for its causes.
Now, maybe those are ideals that we should look to wipe away, in favor of a more transnational conception of responsibility, but it's not obvious that you can do this and keep meaningful welfare states intact.
This conception of responsibility is used in court.
What logically follows is a conception of responsibility that is essentially outcome-based.
In other words, the optimist embraces and defends an essentially forward-looking, utilitarian conception of responsibility (FR, 79).
This view is deontological in essence, and consequently the resulting conception of responsibility is related to compliance with pre-existing rules.
In doing so a conception of responsibility as accountability restricts the way we can actually express our human agency and creativity, which is central to the approach based on phronesis, as we have noted in the previous section.
Especially in view of science's vital importance for the development of society, it is necessary to ground scientific undertakings in a broad conception of responsibility to the community.
Those who adopt the former reading of Aristotle's account have tended to adopt the merit reading of Aristotle's conception of responsibility while the latter have often adopted the consequentialist reading.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com