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Particularly in Hogan's or Mehrabian and Epstein's questionnaires, one has to be worried about the insufficient semantic correspondence between the content of the items probed and the conception of empathy presumed by the authors of the questionnaire or even the conceptions of empathy as articulated in this entry (Holz-Ebeling and Steinmetz 1995).
In contrast to earlier conceptions of empathy that included some reference to underlying psychological processes, Ickes's conception of empathy is result oriented and studies empathy merely as the "ability to accurately infer the specific content of another person's thoughts and feelings" (Ickes 1997, 3).
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Such a unified conception of empathy is further supported by the above mentioned neuroscientific research on mirror neurons.
Not surprisingly, it was Lipps's conception of empathy that Titchener had in mind in his translation of "Einfühlung" as "empathy".
Despite the fact that Lipps's primary examples of empathy focus on the recognition of emotions expressed in bodily gestures or facial expressions, his conception of empathy should not be understood as being limited to such cases.
4 inspired by Lipps's conception of empathy as inner imitation refers to mirror neurons as mechanisms of basic empathy;[2] as mechanisms that allow us to apprehend directly another person's emotions in light of his facial expressions and that enable us to understand his bodily movements as goal-directed actions.
In the same study, Davis's IRI scale fared much better even if it did not score perfectly in that 12 out of the 28 items were regarded to be appropriate when compared with the author's general conception of empathy and his definition of the specific sub-scales.
17 Our conception of empathy is that it is a capacity to imagine vividly what it is like to be another, to think, perceive and feel as they do.
The above explication of empathy constitutes Lipps' core concept of empathy.
Davis and Kraus do not take such lack of correlation as an indication of a fundamental failure in the conception of the empathy questionnaires.
These questionnaires reflect the multiplicity of empathy conceptions in psychology, since each understands itself as operationalizing a different definition of empathy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com