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For instance, someone who has a narrow conception of harm, might believe that evil actions need not be harmful.
It must either be shown to directly cause actual physical violence to others (e.g., murder, rape, assault, battery), on a narrower understanding of "harm"; or to deliberately or negligently violate sufficiently important interests or rights of others, on a broader, interest-based conception of "harm".
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Not all researchers or clinicians expressed a clear conception of harm, and of those that did, not all described it along these lines.
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(For further discussion of these different conceptions of harm to others see e.g., Dyzenhaus 1992, Feinberg 1987).
Experts' conceptions of harm were also important, however, and box 1 describes several examples of ways in which the combination of experts' conception and prioritisation of 'avoiding harm' might affect their level of support for breast screening.
A health professional's conception of both harm to and benefit for a patient can differ sharply from that of the patient, but the health professional's understandings of benefits also often depend on the patient's view of what constitutes a benefit or a worthwhile risk.
In contrast, innovation and improving standards in healthcare alter our conceptions of both harm and preventability.
However, this will depend upon the substantive content of the conception of non-comparative harm.
One can hold the view that currently living people's concerns for the well-being of actual future people are fully captured by the substantive content of the conception of non-comparative harm.
A sufficientarian interpretation of the threshold notion of harm (together with an appropriate conception of wrongdoing) provides us with a plausible understanding of what is owed to future people: the fact that future persons' existence is contingent on our present decisions does not matter where what is in question is our ability to harm future people's interests and to violate their rights.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com