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This broader conception of citizenship is widely shared throughout Europe, and provides a starting point for a more realistic discussion of migration than simple numbers.
But at the heart of the problem is something that I have written about before: the absence in Israeli law of an inclusively democratic conception of citizenship, let alone democratic criteria for immigration.
He notes that, in "Mein Kampf," Hitler praises America as the one state that has made progress toward a primarily racial conception of citizenship, by "excluding certain races from naturalization".
For him, too, the convention of the social contract formed the basis of all legitimate political authority, though his conception of citizenship was much more organic and much less individualistic than Locke's.
Israeli liberals — the late education minister Shulamit Aloni comes to mind — have warned since the state's founding that rabbinic power thwarts the development of a secular conception of citizenship, not just for secular Jews but for the fifth of Israeli citizens who are Arab.
In theory, the right to peaceable assembly is as fundamental to the French conception of citizenship as it is to the American one, but in practice it's something more, a mode of cultural expression as well as an act of political solidarity.
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French thinkers have been especially influential in shaping modern conceptions of citizenship – notably the revolution's concept of civic patriotism (based on adhesion to common values rather than ethnicity), the notion of the general interest, and the vision of the state's enabling and enlightening power, embodied in the holistic philosophy of Jacobinism.
Information and communication technologies have obviously facilitated this new proximity, but host countries' evolution from homogeneous conceptions of citizenship toward more pluralistic, multiethnic approaches has also been crucial.
It is argued that the pre-existing conceptions of citizenship and the specific features of migration interact to shape the trajectories of emigrant quasi-citizenship.
The second section reviews the citizenship regimes of Mexico, the US, Turkey and Germany to describe the forms of quasi-citizenship under scrutiny and their relationship to different conceptions of citizenship.
For the better part of the last century, conceptions of citizenship, despite many differences, have had one thing in common: the idea that the necessary framework for citizenship is the sovereign, territorial state.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com