Despite being based on the same concept of flow optimisation, these two approaches exhibit significant differences.
This paper presents a novel application of the concept of systematic optimisation approach to retrofit a palm oil mill into a sustainable palm oil-based integrated biorefinery.
One of these involves the concept of systems optimisation (versus the maximisation of subsystem components).
For example, the concept of 'joint optimisation' has been an important concept in sociotechnical systems thinking for many years (e.g. Hendrick and Kleiner 2002; Clegg 2000; Kasvi et al. 2000; Kelly 1978; Klein 2014).
It is organized as follows: The concepts of topology optimisation and shape optimisation for ducted flows are introduced in the next section, along with an application of these two complementary methodologies to engine port flows.
The literature on the concept of 'optimisation' (the matching of either peak work or peak efficiency to arterial load) is inconclusive [ 55- 62], but, as pointed out by Elzinga and Westerhof [ 63] and by de Tombe et al.
This paper presents a design method for membrane-assisted separation processes based on the concept of process superstructure optimisation, which should be applied to the separation of azeotropic mixtures.
Dobutamine was key to Shoemaker and colleagues' concept of supranormal circulatory optimisation of high-risk surgical patients [ 4], and, to be fair, was an integral part of a successful optimisation protocol after cardiac surgery that targeted mixed venous oxygen saturation and lactate [ 5].
This research provides proof of concept for further optimisation of organo-mineral fertiliser manufacture using readily available lignite resources.
In part 1 of this paper the concept of multi-disciplinary design optimisation is discussed.
