(i) The structure of the child's concept of artifact function changes profoundly between ages 5 and 7.
(ii) This conceptual shift has a striking effect on problem-solving performance, i.e. the child's concept of artifact function appears to be deployed in problem solving.
We argue that the older children were slower to solve the problem when the typical function was primed because (i) their artifact concept plays a role in problem solving, and (ii) intended purpose is central to their concept of artifact function, but not to that of the younger children.
The conditions listed above provide a partial characterization of the concept of artifact.
(A1) makes the concept of artifact (in the proper sense) equivalent to that of work (as a product as opposed to activity); for example, according to (A1), all works of art, including musical and literary works, should be called "artifacts" insofar as they have authors.
The condition of artifactuality is plausible only if the concept of artifact is understood in a wide sense in which intentionally created events and processes (e.g., performances) and works which have instances (for example, musical and literary works) are regarded as artifacts.
If the concept of artifact is defined in terms of productive actions in the way suggested in Section 3, the Success Condition should be taken to mean that the author or authors actually succeed in performing the intended productive action, and the Acceptance Condition may be taken to mean that the author (or one of the authors) believes that the action has been completed.
There is a closely related concept of an artifact's function that is purposive: for example, when we say that moving the cursor is the function of the computer's mouse or trackpad we seem to mean that this is what it is for, that it is there in order to do this, that this is what its designers designed it to do.
To explore the challenges associated with such migration, we develop the concept of embeddedness of IT artifacts by drawing on research that highlights the critical role of representational artifacts in knowledge, design, and distributed cognition.
With the improvement of three-dimensional reconstruction techniques [ 4– 7] and reduction of artifacts, the concept of applying flat detectors for X-ray computed tomography had been investigated for several years.
