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"These experiments show the fungal networks can transport these chemicals in high enough concentrations to affect plant growth," says Morris, who is now based at Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio.
These data and findings by other groups highlight that drugs affecting transport activity must be used at specific concentrations to affect the targeted transport proteins.
Even so, a peptide comprised of all P4 P2′ residues requires millimolar concentrations to affect proteolysis of TatA by AarA, indicating that even in this context recognition sequence binding is not the main determinant for specificity.
Monitoring rain is receiving great interest because species such as Pseudomonas syringae may be present in air in sufficient concentrations to affect the hydrological cycle, by ice nucleation activity to induce rainfall to aid their dispersal.
However, their results demonstrate that synthetic chemicals, which can interfere with the thyroid system, would not have to be present in very high concentrations to affect the intellectual and behavioral development of embryos and fetuses.
In light of the current observation that 5-60 μM BRB suppresses induction of the premature senescence we have tested its ability at these lower concentrations to affect the level of constitutive mTOR signaling in cells not induced to premature senescence.
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The fact that the 9-nt oligonucleotide required a higher concentration to affect translation than the 13-nt oligonucleotide may be due to the decreased binding stability of the shorter LNA oligonucleotide.
Some locations in Sydney Harbour (Sydney, Australia) contain large amounts of contaminants (heavy metals and hydrocarbons), sometimes in concentrations thought to affect biological systems.
The antioxidants were used at concentrations reported to affect ROS production in other studies.
Thus, zinc depletion as well as high glucose concentrations appears to affect the expression of ZnT-3 and ZnT-8 in opposite directions, indicating that these two transporters in particular play a pivotal role in maintaining β-cell zinc homeostasis.
Even if toxic materials are not present in concentrations likely to affect humans, they might well be at phytotoxic levels, which would limit their agricultural use.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com