Methods: We used weighted multivariable regressions to evaluate associations between blood THMs and water concentrations, survey year, and other factors potentially affecting THM exposure or metabolism (e.g., prescription medications, cruciferous vegetables, diabetes, fasting, pregnancy, swimming).
The mean Hb concentrations by survey and cohort groups are summarized in Table 4.
F1s and N1s high resolution spectra can also be found in the Supporting Information, along with surface atomic concentrations from survey spectra (Table S3, Supporting Information).
Differences in geometric mean cotinine concentrations between survey years were not significant for any subgroup defined by whether parents smoked in the home.
Topsoil (0 5 cm) SOC concentrations were surveyed in a coffee agroforestry watershed (0.9 km2) on Andisols in Costa Rica with uniform farm management.
The demographic information we collected showed a pronounced local concentration of survey respondents in Yorkshire, where both the PSP management team and local NIHR network, which helped to promote the survey, are based.
From an animal welfare point of view, Zn and Ni concentrations in our survey were in agreement with reviews of Eisler [ 17, 18] and results of Jorhem et al. [ 11] and Mackevičienė [ 14], who reported Ni levels (0.50 0.85 mg kg−1) similar to our observations (1.38 2.55 mg kg−1) in abdominal muscle and 1.54 3.54 mg kg−1 compared with our findings (1.11 13.72 mg kg−1) in hepatopancreas.
These changes consistently raise questions about whether differences in biomarker concentrations from one survey period to the next (or even within a single survey period if measurement procedures change or assay drift occurs) are due to methodologic artifacts or reflect true population changes in nutrient status (15, 20– 23, 58, 60, 61).
In general, cotinine concentrations in each survey were significantly higher in children than in adults among both non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks.
Aerni et al. (2004) also reported a positive correlation between calculated and measured E2 EQ concentrations in a survey of the estrogenic potency of five WwTW in mainland Europe, but as observed here, they also found that the calculated E2 EQ concentrations tended to overestimate the E2 EQ concentrations in the rYES.
Occupation, for instance, is a modifiable source of cadmium exposure that was associated with urine cadmium concentrations in all study surveys but did not explain changes in urine cadmium concentrations over time.
