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As few individuals showed detectable responses in control (unstimulated) cultures and these responses were low, data from the stimulatory conditions are analysed as the determined pg/ml readings rather than as an above-control value (analyses on data with control concentrations subtracted gave equivalent results, not shown).
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The PAH concentration of each sample was calculated by the measured PAH concentration subtracting the mean of their corresponding operation blanks.
These concentrations were subtracted from the exhaled concentrations to get the corrected CH4 and CO2 (ppm) of the individual cows.
Background particle number concentrations were subtracted from the maximum particle number concentrations if they were reported.
Due to uncertain or negligible health impacts of arsenobetaine and arsenocholine concentrations, we subtracted these components from the total urinary arsenic concentrations.
We decomposed the random microplume component from the total concentrations by subtracting predicted concentrations that assumed uniform, instantaneous mixing within the room and found that these microplumes can be modeled using a 3-parameter lognormal distribution.
However, data from normalization controls were first adjusted according to concentrations in which normalization RNAs are added to sample RNAs: log2 ratios of concentrations are subtracted from the log2 ratios of measured intensities (M = log2(R/ G)).
Endogenous nitrite concentrations were subtracted from the values obtained after nitrate reductase treatment.
These concentrations were subtracted from the values reported from each laboratory for the spiked samples.
To determine the differential, we first averaged the workday (9 a.m. to 5 p.m). CO2 concentration and subtracted the average CO2 concentration 1 a.m.
Glucose concentration was thus measured in the liquid fraction at the beginning of each recycle round (C gluc initial ), and this concentration was subtracted from the final concentration of glucose (C gluc final ) to avoid double counting (equation 1, Table 2).
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