Analysis of data collected in street canyons located in Hanover, Germany and Los Angeles, USA, suggests that street-level concentrations of vehicle-related pollutants can be estimated with a model that assumes that vertical turbulent transport of emissions dominates the governing processes.
The drugs were diluted to the final concentration in NSW; corresponding concentrations of vehicle were used as controls.
Drugs were diluted to their final concentration in NSW; corresponding concentrations of vehicle were used as controls.
Control mice underwent the same surgical procedure with delivery of identical concentrations of vehicle solution, DMSO diluted in saline, also to the left ear.
When cells were treated with these reagents, matching concentrations of vehicle were used as the control and the final concentration of DMSO was kept at or below 0.1% in all experiments.
For sensitivity analysis, a "traffic" variable was created and set equal to the sum of concentrations of vehicle exhaust (primary PM), road dust, and 70% of the secondary nitrate/organics source.
HEKTER-LUK and HEKTER-ST cells were treated with appropriate concentrations of vehicle (Ethanol or DMSO), 2.4μM cyclopamine C-87000, laboratoriesies, Woburn, MA, USA), or 1 nM γ-secretase inhibitor S-11200, A.G. Scientific, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA).
The drug suppliers and bath concentrations of vehicle (%v/v) were as follows: cyclopiazonic acid (Alexis; 0.05% DMSO); ryanodine (Alomone; 0.1% ethanol), tetracaine (Sigma Aldrich; 0.01% H2O), nifedipine (Sigma Aldrich; 0.01% ethanol), EGTA (Lancaster; dissolved directly in bath solution).
Briefly, concentrations of vehicle exhaust markers (EC and organic carbon) in PM1 and in PM ≤ 2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) were simultaneously measured for individual workers, indoor work areas, truck cabs, and ambient background conditions at the 36 trucking terminals.
