Indeed, the recent increase in the carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels may induce a change in the pH and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations of surface ocean water on a time scale measured in hundreds of years.
At the same time, the rapid growth negated the annealing process and led to higher concentrations of surface defects, which led to weak PL intensity.
Films supported on substrates with higher concentrations of surface hydroxyl groups (α-Al2O3 > sputtered-Al2O3 > Si/SiOx) exhibit larger Tg-confinement effects.
Covalent fluorescent labeling of surface species (FLOSS) was used to detect relatively low concentrations of surface functional groups (OH, COOH and CHO) on activated carbon fiber surfaces.
In particular, we demonstrate that decreased concentrations of surface reactants contribute to measured overpotentials in a Nernst fashion, and can lead to an underestimation of catalytic activity.
Instead, we argue that the difference in oxidation rate between the bacteria/lipid/pyrite and bacteria/pyrite systems must be largely due to differences in the concentrations of surface colonized bacteria for the two systems.
To elucidate factors that enable the higher performance of sulfonated carbon catalysts, a series of sulfonated carbon catalysts was synthesized by sulfonating various carbon materials whose concentrations of surface oxygen-containing functional groups, porous structure, and swelling ability differ significantly.
The model was validated against experimental data and was used to obtain detailed information on the concentrations of surface species, thus providing mechanistic insights into the influence of operating conditions on reactivity and selectivity.
The unusually high visible-light-driven catalytic performance of monoclinically crystallized rod-like and tubular BiVO4 single-crystallites is associated with the higher surface areas and concentrations of surface oxygen defects, and unique particle morphologies.
On varying the platinum crystallite sizes (28 460 A dia), the relative concentrations of surface atoms identified with edges, vertices and crystallite faces are changed and are compared to the changing surface concentrations of the adsorbed hydrogen species.
Potentiometric titration revealed the acidic character of all the phosphoric acid-activated carbons, which were found to have total concentrations of surface groups of up to 3.3 mmol/g.
