TAZ is highly expressed in kidney, and TAZ knockout mice develop multiple renal cysts and urinary concentration defects (Hossain et al., 2007; Makita et al., 2008).
Furthermore, disorders in tubular function (especially urinary concentration defects) have been suggested but not confirmed in small studies.
Older UT-B-null mice experience long-term urea-selective urine concentration defects and elevated blood urea concentrations, which may lead to functional and morphological abnormalities.
In another study [ 16], 50% of patients who developed hypernatreamia during hospitalization and 89% of patients presenting with hypernatreamia had urinary concentration defects primarily associated with diuretic therapy or solute diuresis.
Mice that express AQP2 in the connecting tubule but lack AQP2 in the collecting ducts exhibited severe urinary concentration defects, demonstrating that AQP2 in the collecting ducts is critical in water homeostasis (Rojek et al. 2006).
In the case of MA process, increases of solute concentration and defects concentration by plastic deformation and resulting inter-diffusion result in strain energy of the crystalline.
Results showed that the nitrogen concentration, defect density, and doping level increased with the decrease in growth temperature.
Nevertheless, it is shown that fatigue crack initiation in the maximum shear plane seems to be the governing mechanism at the tip of the defect for low stress concentration defect.
Initial renal symptoms, however, may include polyuria due to a concentration defect [25].
They had a low blood pressure, renal vascular thickening and a urine concentration defect.
