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In comparing our rough "equivalent" estimates obtained based on lifetime exposure to concentrations currently being used for in vitro testing, we indeed intended to highlight that such concentrations represent a high end bounding limit, as Oberdörster has emphasized.
Our results indicate that a full lifetime occupational exposure to a concentration of 1 mg/m (one order of magnitude higher than what has typically been reported) (Table 1) is required to reach the highest concentrations currently being tested in vitro in most studies [see Supplemental Material, Tables S1 S3 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103750)].
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The recurring theme from these studies is that various zinc-based solutions, including Zicam (at the concentration currently being marketed) are cytotoxic.
In order to test whether current results are dependent on OA dose, similar experiments testing different OA concentrations are currently being carried out.
More comprehensive studies of uptake comparing different AuNPs across a variety of time points and concentrations are currently being undertaken, but are beyond the scope of this paper.
Information concerning the fundamental mechanisms of action of both natural and environmental hormones, combined with information concerning endogenous hormone concentrations, reveals how endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity (EEDCs) can be active at concentrations far below those currently being tested in toxicological studies.
New methods, such as the use of citrate concentration in bone, are currently being considered; however, determining the applicability of these methods in differing environmental contexts is challenging.
An important quality attribute is the total concentration of intact adenoviruses, which currently is determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or anion exchange-HPLC.
While we did not measure health outcomes or quality of life indicators, other studies of communities located within two to three miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) of an IFAP facility [ 12, 15, 16], found that odors and ammonia can contribute to poor quality of life even at ammonia concentrations currently considered not to be a risk to health.
There is still a debate whether the associations observed between respiratory health and NO2 at the concentrations currently found in western European countries are due to direct effects of NO2 or other PM components co-varying with NO2 (WHO 2006).
Reduced lung function growth is also linked to NO2 at concentrations currently measured (or observed) in cities of Europe and North America.
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