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This is the concentration of ash that is recognised as posing a significant risk to aircraft.
Minutes of the Volcano Watch group's annual meeting, held in New Zealand in 2007, note: "There is no definition of a safe concentration of ash for different aircraft..
It took the concerted efforts of several airlines to get test flights up into the plume to measure the concentration of ash, she said.
An eruptive column of 10 km height was considered for the 1970-like scenario to simulate: (a) the total column mass loading (in g∙m−2), (b) the concentration of ash at Flight Level FL050 (in mg∙m−3), and (c) the concentration at FL250.
Combining these data, assuming that the transport took place over time Δt ≈ 24 hours, with plume width being w and z the plume thickness, we estimate the average mass concentration (c) of ash in the cloud from The result is an average concentration of ash in the cloud of 10 35 mg m−3.
"At between 35,000 and 55,000ft, there could be a risk of a high concentration of ash covering most of the UK," a spokesman said.
Similar(37)
The highest concentrations of ash were limited to Arctic regions.
Major concentrations of ash TC, TN, C/N ratio and water-extractable Ca, Mg and K were identified in very dark brown and black ash.
The concentrations of ash, Ca, and P in the tibia, and tibia breaking strength were not affected by dietary Ca concentrations.
Using C-MIX alone supported the highest AD and retention of P, and whole-body concentrations of ash, P, Ca and Mg, due to CPC being dephytinized.
There was a relationship between the magnitude of TSP, NOx and SO2 emissions and the concentrations of ash, nitrogen and sulphur in the fuel respectively.
More suggestions(18)
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percentage of ash
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