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First, across the four studied populations, all the eight common SNPs are concentrated upstream of exon 7 (on the first ∼3700 bp of the gene), while the region downstream of intron 6 (∼2600 bp) only harbors 6 singletons in Europeans/Africans, and no variation in Asians and Latin Americans.
However, when inspecting the H3K9ac levels around individual promoters, the distribution of acetylation level often does not resemble the average genome-wide situation: around individual promoters the H3K9ac level may be more concentrated upstream) or downstream) of the promoter, may show a distribution which resembles the genome-wide distribution), or have other configurations.
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Likewise, the Ser2/5-P form of RNAPII was concentrated within upstream presumptive promoter regions (–1,000 to –500) of genes expressed early and negatively correlating with mRNA levels.
In lower eukaryotes such as yeasts and fungi, promoter engineering has mostly concentrated on upstream regulatory sequences (URS), their combination with natural core promoters and/or random mutagenesis approaches of selected core promoter regions.
They argue it would be more pragmatic, concentrating on "upstream" actors and not imposing an "extra burden" on small European businesses.
The vegetation in Shiyang river basin is mostly concentrated in its upstream, and plays an important role in ecological environment of this watershed.
The statistical associations of OAS1 mutations were not uniformly scattered throughout the entire gene but were concentrated in the upstream regulatory region, with twelve of the significantly associated mutations located in the OAS1 promoter and 5' untranslated region (UTR).
Some of them concentrated in the upstream, and other was in the downstream.
DNA methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group to the carbon 5′ position of the cytosine ring of CpG dinucleotides to form 5-methylcytosine. CpG dinucleotides are concentrated in the upstream promoter region of many genes [ 5].
The results confirmed that Tup1p and Cyc8p were concentrated in the upstream region between − 500 and − 1000 bp in wild-type (wt) strains (Fig. 2B and C, wt) [23,54,55].
These results suggest that there are several different typical acetylation states, as depicted in Figure 4: while in all three clusters broad promoters are most prevalent), single peak promoters still occur in more than 40% of the cases where the H3K9ac signal is concentrated in the upstream region).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com