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Horses were fed a diet of 40% coastal Bermudagrass and 60% concentrate formulated to meet the energy, protein, Ca, and P requirements for maintenance of mature horses.
During the experiment (d 0 203), 40 multiparous, nonpregnant, lactating 3/4 Holstein × 1/4 Gir cows (initial days in milk = 81±± 2; mean ± SE) were offered corn silage for ad libitum consumption, and individually received concentrate formulated to allow diets to provide 160% of their daily net energy for lactation requirements.
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In order to identify the effects of concentrate energy alone, concentrates were formulated so that increases in concentrate feeding resulted in either a constant supply of concentrate crude protein (CP) (mean 1.4 kg/day) or constant intake of rapeseed meal (RSM) (mean 1.7 kg DM/day).
The diet containing 20% concentrate was formulated to supply 4% rapidly degradable starch, whereas the diet containing 40% concentrate supplied 22% rapidly degradable starch.
Concentrate was formulated with wheat (21.5%) and barley (20%) containing some starch.
All diets contained alfalfa hay, corn silage, rolled corn, and a concentrate supplement formulated to yield isonitrogenous diets.
In each dietary treatment, ewes were fed 550 g per day of concentrate mix formulated to supply 40% of the metabolizable energy requirement.
Concentrates were formulated to comprise 220.0 g/kg CP independent of treatments.
Concentrates were formulated to provide 0 or 500 mg/kg of Zn as ZnSO4 and 0 or 40 mg/kg of monensin in the total diet.
Two concentrates were formulated to contain similar crude protein, effective rumen degradable protein, digestible undegradable protein and metabolisable energy concentrations but using different carbohydrate sources to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations.
Material from the hydrophobic interaction step was further purified by size exclusion chromatography (HiLoad Superdex 200 pg 16/60, GE Healthcare), then concentrated and formulated into phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.3 by ultrafiltration (Amicon Ultra-15, molecular weight cut-off 30,000; Millipore, Billerica, USA).
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