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Another major question in concatenation analyses is which of the many genes in a genome should be concatenated.
More focused analyses such as ours can reveal strong gene-specific evidence for or against phylogenetic relationships, which might be overlooked or unrecognizable in concatenation analyses [45].
The instability of Strigamia is further demonstrated in progressive concatenation analyses (Additional file 6: Figure S5).
Clades F and G are well supported in species tree and concatenation analyses.
Both studies showed that in order to maintain hypothesis test severity, partitions must be aligned independently prior to concatenation analyses.
Our phylogenomic dataset provides strong support for the phylogenetic position of turtles as a sister group to Archosauria within Amniota based on concatenation analyses.
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The results obtained using the maximum pseudo-likelihood for estimating species trees (MP-EST) approach showed high consistency with the results of our concatenation-based analyses.
Indeed, the species tree reconstructed from the amino-acid ML gene trees unambiguously supported (BP = 100) the grouping of turtles and archosaurs, whereas the species tree based on nucleotide ML gene trees supported (BP = 87) a conflicting turtles plus crocodilians clade, as previously shown in concatenation-based analyses using suboptimal models of sequence evolution.
A list of loci ranked by average branch length served as a basis for progressive concatenation and binned analyses.
Additionally, the software analyses whether concatenation of fragments from different genes is suitable for the data set using different tests (bionj-incongruence length difference test, Templeton test).
Phylogenetic analyses, using concatenations of the subunit gene sequences, have been able to provide resolution of the appearance order of these vesicle coats, at least within the Adaptin heterotetramers with AP5, and then AP3 emerging basally, followed by AP4, then AP1 and 2. These various interconnections suggest a model with two groups in the protocoatomer "tree" (fig. 5).
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