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In contrast, studies capturing variation in mammographic density through continuous measures that are based on computer threshold programs require smaller changes to reflect mammographic density change.
Significance of a recombining region was determined as in (Marttinen et al. 2012) using a permutation test with 100 permutations executed in parallel on a cluster computer (threshold of 5% was used to conclude significance for each region).
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Moreover, the computer-generated threshold images were not made available until after the completion of the manual analysis to prevent bias.
To measure MD, we used a computer-assisted threshold technique, Cumulus (Byng et al, 1996a).
To quantify mammographic density, we used a computer-based threshold method (Madena).
Percent MD was assessed from digitized film-screen mammograms using a computer-assisted threshold technique.
Percent and absolute mammographic densities were determined using the Madena computer-based threshold method, developed at the University of Southern California[ 38].
The sizes of the mammographic dense area and the total area of the breast were determined by using a computer-assisted threshold method [ 32].
To assess mammographic density on a quantitative scale, we used the Madena computer-based threshold method, a method that has been validated and described previously [ 11, 14].
Absolute and percentage mammographic densities were determined using the University of Southern California Madena computer-based threshold method of assessing density, a method that has been described and validated elsewhere [ 32].
A total of 1,319 women were followed up since birth in 1946 for whom a mammogram at age 50 years was retrieved, and the percentage mammographic density was measured using the computer-assisted threshold method for all 1,161 women.
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