They show computer confidence at 75.3%; which gives prospects for an effective blended learning environment in regard to their computer competence and confidence.
Further, majority of respondents (34, 63 %) rated their computer competence as intermediate; (15, 27.8 %) mentioned advanced level knowledge and skills and only (5, 9.3 %) were beginners.
The learner characteristics/backgrounds being investigated for blended learning effectiveness include self-regulation, computer competence, workload management, social and family support, attitude to blended learning, gender and age.
It is therefore pertinent that since the use of blended learning applies high usage of computers, computer competence is necessary (Abubakar & Adetimirin, 2015) to avoid failure in applying technology in education for learning effectiveness.
Other self-developed instruments were used for the other remaining variables of attitudes, computer competence, workload management, social and family support, satisfaction, knowledge construction, technology quality, interactions, learning management system tools and resources and face-to-face support.
This is an important consideration, which reflects some practical issues of computer competence and associated decision-making in developing countries.
Inadequate education in informatics skills is a constraint among medical students, doctors, nurses, and many other health care professionals who have varying levels of computer competence [ 12- 14].
Education in medical informatics skills in these regions is also inadequate, and levels of computer competence vary among medical students, doctors, nurses, and many other health care professionals [ 6].
For our secondary analyses, we z-standardized the scales to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Furthermore, the students' achievement data from the computer based competence test used in ICILS 2013 to measure the students' CIL was used, taking into account the five plausible values (Jung & Carstens 2015).
Finally, the following stand out in the specific Spanish context: the proposal for information literacy or ALFIN (Area, 2008); computer and information competences in degree studies (CRUE-TIC, 2009); and the IL-HUMAS project (Pinto, 2010).
