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Further, majority of respondents (34, 63 %) rated their computer competence as intermediate; (15, 27.8 %) mentioned advanced level knowledge and skills and only (5, 9.3 %) were beginners.
The learner characteristics/backgrounds being investigated for blended learning effectiveness include self-regulation, computer competence, workload management, social and family support, attitude to blended learning, gender and age.
They show computer confidence at 75.3%; which gives prospects for an effective blended learning environment in regard to their computer competence and confidence.
Other self-developed instruments were used for the other remaining variables of attitudes, computer competence, workload management, social and family support, satisfaction, knowledge construction, technology quality, interactions, learning management system tools and resources and face-to-face support.
It is therefore pertinent that since the use of blended learning applies high usage of computers, computer competence is necessary (Abubakar & Adetimirin, 2015) to avoid failure in applying technology in education for learning effectiveness.
This is an important consideration, which reflects some practical issues of computer competence and associated decision-making in developing countries.
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The high computer competences and confidence is an antecedent factor for blended learning effectiveness as noted by Hadad (2007) and this study finds learners confident and competent enough for the effectiveness of blended learning.
As Licklider mentioned, the computer's competence must supplement one's own.
For our secondary analyses, we z-standardized the scales to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Furthermore, the students' achievement data from the computer based competence test used in ICILS 2013 to measure the students' CIL was used, taking into account the five plausible values (Jung & Carstens 2015).
No substitutions (of computer languages or competence in a scientific discipline, for example) will be permitted.
Our conclusions were as follows: 1) Ob/Gyn residents initially may have varying levels of computer experience; their competence cannot be assumed simply based on prior education.
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