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It's already late in the day (we rose shortly before 5am for Buddhist meditation and chanting – a compulsory undertaking for temple guests), but Kwan flits energetically about her kitchen, robes fluttering like one of the butterflies in her garden.
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Our study is based on a review of resources for e-learning and chemistry in post-compulsory education, undertaken for the UK Joint Information Systems Committees (JISC), as part of a wider study examining 'The Effectiveness of Resources, Tools and Support Services used by Tutors in Designing and Delivering E-Learning Activities'.
On top of this, all 18 to 21-year-olds who are unemployed for more than six months will have to undertake compulsory work experience, a traineeship or a full-time community work placement.
I'm interested in intermittent custody, where offenders undertake compulsory programmes to address their offending behaviour, or make reparations to the community, while holding down a home and a job.
In Germany, for example, anyone caught drink-driving within a decade of a previous offence has a minimum fine of €1,000 and drink-drivers may have to undertake compulsory psychological assessments.
Trabold et al. (2006) report that less than 60% undertake compulsory service.
Prisoners serving short sentences would also have to undertake compulsory rehabilitation for the first time.
Under this backdrop, Test of Oral Proficiency in English (TOPE) is developed and administered by Renmin university of China to assess the oral communicative proficiency of college students who have undertaken compulsory English courses.
However, the work histories do reveal gender differences in our sample: women experience less unemployment than men but longer work interruptions (because of maternity leave), and men undertake compulsory service.
Regional leaders reported increased motivation to participate more fully in compulsory research subjects undertaken as part of their university courses; x) one regional leader inquired about employment with the research team after their graduation.
Japanese tertiary students (n = 614; Female = 129) undertaking a compulsory year-long study of English as a foreign language participated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com