For all men living in Germany and older than 18, military service was compulsory in our observation window.11 Usually, men are drawn into national service at the age of 19.
TRIPS flexibilities such as compulsory licensing, non-observation of pharmaceutical patents (allowed for least-developed country WTO members until at least 2016), application of high standards of patentability in national law, and patent pools will be needed to promote market efficiency, reduce prices, and facilitate the use of new FDCs.
"All weather observations are compulsory, no matter what the weather is like".
In our study patients, a higher percentage of involuntarily admitted individuals showed at last one aggressive behavior, and this seems to definitely confirm previous observations that compulsory admission is associated with aggression [ 8, 29, 30].
Previous research on transitions after compulsory schooling made the following observations: Chances in post-school transitions, especially entering a vocational training track in the dual system, differ strongly according to previous school achievements.
Our sub-sample consists of those children observed in LFS at ages 16 to 18 inclusive (and therefore have made their decision with respect to post compulsory education participation) which is approximately 56,000 observations, or 4% of all LFS respondents.
Conversely, an observation of the innovation activities of pharmaceutical companies affected by compulsory licensing found that there was no uniform decline in the rate of medicine patenting and other measures of inventive activity by companies affected by compulsory licenses [ 45] Table 5.
Since 2011, which is long after the observation window of our data sample, military service has no longer been compulsory for men older than 18 in Germany.
Compulsory sterilisation?
