Household out-of-pocket expenditureon health comprise cost-sharing, self-medication and other expenditure paid directly by private households, irrespective of whether the contact with the health care system was established on referral or on the patient's own initiative [20].
Indirect costs comprise costs of illness-related absenteeism from paid work (short- and long-term absence from work) as well as from unpaid work (e.g. housework), and costs of productivity loss or gain due to morbidity or premature mortality.
8 Evidence suggests that spasticity-related costs generally comprise costs of conventional treatment, including, but not limited to, hospitalization, rehabilitative therapy, and pharmacotherapy costs.
Structural costs comprise costs of additional co-ordination between institutes, interdisciplinary meetings, fortnightly patient discussions, training of new personnel, refresh training of old personnel, communication and monitoring.
In Finland, biologics administered by patients themselves are reimbursed by the FSII and thus do not comprise costs to a tertiary-level clinic.
Current obstacles to a routine use of NGS technologies in diagnostic microbiology and resistance testing comprise costs and scarcely available user-friendly bioinformatics platforms [ 89].
Third, the work-related costs of patients with UPS comprise costs caused by loss of productivity in paid work (absenteeism and presenteeism) and costs caused by loss of productivity in unpaid work (substitution of domestic tasks).
As we have seen, the models can handle a multi-criteria situation comprising cost and quality and help us select appropriate suppliers.
The first part comprises cost components and health care utilization items that occur regularly and tend to be relatively unimportant to the patient.
Direct healthcare costs and direct non-healthcare costs comprise respectively: costs of visits for primary and secondary care, home care, drugs, and for visits to an alternative or informal health therapist.
34% of the total costs comprise indirect costs with estimates of informal care being the biggest part (26%, i.e. approx. €186 million).
