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The aim of the realist review is to develop concepts and knowledge about variations in a phenomenon rather than seeking one comprehensive effect size.
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In Richardson et al.'s (2012) comprehensive meta-analysis, the effect size estimates of gender (r = .09) and age (r = .08) were small.
A random model was used to test and quantify effect size using 'Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (v.2)' trial version.
Only trials with comprehensive risk assessment intervention demonstrated an effect size favoring the control group (OR=1.17).
Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software version 2. The Hedges'g was adopted as a measure of effect size.
Combining outcomes and the use of standardized effect measures such as effect size and standardized response mean across instruments allows more comprehensive meta-analyses and should avoid selection bias.
The diversity of these domains suggests an adverse effect on overall cognitive function, but the effect sizes within these discrete domains, calculated by the National Academy of Sciences panel (NRC 2000), were small (median, β = –0.075) and may have underestimated the effect size relative to what might be seen on a comprehensive IQ test.
After computing the effect size for each study, a meta-analytic method was used (Comprehensive Meta-analysis program, www.meta-analysis.com).
In a comprehensive meta-analysis, Lyness et al. [ 93] reported on a somewhat larger effect size of neurone loss in the NbM (effect size ranged from 0.41 to 7.28; mean d = 2.48, median d = 3.03; 33 studies) compared to the LC (effect size ranged from 1.12 to 4.24; mean d = 2.28; median d = 2.62; 24 studies).
The use of a comprehensive cohort of patients did not provide useful additional information as to the treatment effect size because the majority of patients chose non-operative management.
Meta-analytic software (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0) was used to calculate average z scores and P values, weighted effect size r values, and the 95% CI around the collective effect size values.
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