HBC programmes evolved into Community and Home Based Care (CHBC) programmes oriented to providing comprehensive care and continuum of care services [ 8- 15].
Furthermore, it included the development and enhancement of client motivation to modify medical and behavioral health-risk behaviors using individual readiness for change and offered comprehensive care addressing a continuum of client needs that may influence treatment outcomes.
Disease management refers to a system of coordinated comprehensive care along the continuum of the disease across health care delivery systems, with a specific focus on self-management.
The multiple and often complex needs of these patients require an emphasis on coordinated, comprehensive care along the continuum of disease and across health-care delivery systems [ 15].
Disease management refers to a system of coordinated, comprehensive care along the continuum of cancer and across health care delivery systems, with a special focus on self-management [53].
There is now a general recognition that comprehensive care across the continuum should be provided to PLWHA through all the stages of infection, with a crucial role for community-home based care activities [ 10].
Accordingly, PHC services are pivotal in the provision of comprehensive care and a continuum of care [ 24- 26] for patients who have recurrent engagements with the health system, as a result of need for long term, even lifelong treatment as is the case for HIV patients, age-related illnesses and various NCDs [ 27].
Four types of continuum were examined: (i) service linkages between key population outreach and HIV diagnosis (vertical-community continuum); (ii) chronic care provision across HIV diagnosis and treatment (chronological continuum); (iii) linkages between HIV and other health services (horizontal continuum); and (iv) comprehensive care sites coordinating care provision (hub and heart of continuum).
25 26 This programme serves to close current service gaps to provide comprehensive integrated care along the care continuum in the following ways.
Several points along the continuum of comprehensive care present opportunities for applying the lessons learned between HIV and TB services (Table 1): With respect to HIV counselling and testing, TB services present a readily identifiable cohort for HIV provider-initiated testing (PIT).
Regarding hub and heart of continuum, all countries had comprehensive care sites with different degrees of community involvement.
