Although β-HEX A is a generally more labile isoenzyme than β-HEX B for high temperature, β-HEX B may be potentially more sensitive to highly concentrated acetaldehyde or other toxic compounds of the cigarette smoke.
The need to address these disparities is imperative given that blue-collar workers are also more likely to be exposed to work-related carcinogens [ 12– 15] and other substances, such as dusts and fumes, which can compound the hazards of cigarette smoking.
35 Perceptibly, lung cancer prevalence rates are only further compounded by the predominance of cigarette dependence within the HIV+ population and the success of antiretroviral therapy in prolonging life expectancies.
Taken together, these results suggest that sulfation plays a significant role in the metabolism of cigarette smoke compounds.
Among the more than 4,700 chemicals of cigarette smoke, reactive compounds oxidatively modify cellular proteins, thereby seriously challenging the proteostasis network of the cell.
Although cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine, and it is not the nicotine itself that causes harm, studies have shown that cotinine concentrations correlate with those of carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke (Hecht et al. 2001) and are associated with elevated risks of cardiovascular and respiratory disease (Chan-Yeung and Dimich-Ward 2003; Whincup et al. 2004).
Presumably individuals with these genetic traits may use more tobacco and receive higher doses of the carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke.
There are more than 4000 compounds in cigarette smoke, most of which are biohazards or carcinogens (Brunnemann and Hoffmann, 1991; Hecht, 2002; Karnath, 2002; Burns, 2003).
Conflicting reports exist regarding the effects of nicotine on cytokine production, and little is known about the nature of the immunosuppressive compounds in cigarette smoke (Ouyang et al. 2000).
Oral and nasal epithelium are attractive candidate tissues for assaying the host response to tobacco-smoke exposure since, like the bronchial airway, they are exposed to high concentrations of compounds contained within cigarette smoke.
