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The carbohydrate and acid-insoluble lignin compositions were determined using NREL procedure "Determination of Structural Carbohydrates and Lignin in Biomass" (Version 2006) [ 51].
Chemical compositions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry.
Surface compositions were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
The copolymer compositions were determined by 1H n.m.r. and u.v.
All probes are non-solvenTheor poly(BzMA-copolymer7:93%) and poly(BzMA-compositions13%) at 130–150°C.
The copolymer compositions were determined from the nitrogen analyses.
The copolymer compositions were determined by 1H n.m.r.
The optimal formulation compositions were determined based on the statistical models and the predication tests.
Chemical and phase compositions were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Phase compositions were determined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
Alloy bulk compositions were determined by atomic emission spectroscopy and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays.
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