The composition of mill residues depends on the primary product and on processing technologies.
The proportions of fillers in synthetic fines were to imitate the composition of OCC mill rejected fines.
Carbon isotopic composition (in per mill ‰) was reported relative to the Pee Dee Belemnite Standard (PDB) using the following equation (Ault and Jensen 1962): delta^{13} {text{C}},permil =,(R_{text{sample}} /R_{text{standard}} ) - 1 times 1,000 where R is the ratio of ¹³C ¹²C.
The composition of the milled powder was determined by EDS investigation (see Fig. 2).
Chemical composition, physical characteristics, milling characteristics, pasting properties, and cooking qualities were determined for each kernel size fraction.
Atom probe tomography was used to characterize the microstructure and the local composition of the milled powders.
Sulfur isotopic compositions (in per mill ‰) are reported relative to the standard Troilite Sulfur (FES) from the Canon Diablo meteorite using the following equation (Sofer 1988): delta^{34} {text{S}},permil =,(R_{text{sample}} /R_{text{standard}} ) - 1 times 1,000 where R is the ratio of 34S ³²S.
For the composition analysis, CS was milled by knife mill (YS-08, BYZME, Beijing, China), and passed through a 20-mesh screen.
For composition analysis, RM was milled by knife mill (MQF-420, BJZKRF, Beijing, China), and then passed through a screen of 2.0 mm (Shangyu road instrument factory, Zhejiang, China).
The exact chemical composition of the Abercrombie Mill's effluent remains a trade secret, which the Nova Scotia department of Environment will not divulge.
RNA-Seq was performed from C. autoethanogenum growing in continuous culture in a 1.5-L continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with steel mill waste gas (composition: 42% CO, 36% N2, 20% CO2, and 2% H2; collected from a New Zealand Steel site in Glenbrook, New Zealand) as the sole energy and carbon source as described previously [ 52].
