Base compositions, fragmentation and nucleotide misincorporation patterns were generated using SAM files as input and the map Damage package [ 47]. %GC contents and cumulative damage rates were plotted using mapDamage outputs and in-house-made R scripts [ 41].
Godard's example is as much a lesson in substance as in style — in composition through fragmentation, in expression through directness and audacity, of artistic impulse combining with necessity as a means to enduring innovation.
Parasitoid ASRs are known to be strongly biased, but little information is available on how they are affected by large scale variables such as landscape composition or fragmentation.
This study characterizes the forest pattern of Vancouver Island, British Columbia (>32,000 km2) at the watershed scale, using new national datasets of Canadian forest composition and fragmentation, and relating these to forest inventory-derived age structure.
Key factors predicting landscape complexity are population size and composition, plot fragmentation through subdivision, expansion of the road and electrical networks, age of the plot (1990 only), and topography.
We used a timber harvest simulator and neutral model landscapes to systematically study how parcelization and divestiture affect measures of forest composition and fragmentation, timber production and public access.
We also explored these patterns with partial canonical correspondence analyses to determine the independent and shared relationships of landscape composition, forest fragmentation, and spatial variables with forest age structure.
Soil animals are rarely considered in landscape ecology although recent findings show that landscape composition and habitat fragmentation may exert a strong influence on their communities.
In this study, we mainly referred to structural(not functional) aspects of land-use pattern, and especially, we targeted at landscape composition and landscape fragmentation.
Results suggest possible tradeoffs between maximizing midtolerant species composition and minimizing fragmentation of the mature forest matrix, and that the potential for increasing the abundance of midtolerant species can be strongly constrained by habitat type.
