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This paper investigates the characteristics of the composite reflection from the air-filled delamination between pavement layers by time-frequency analysis.
When the thickness of the air gap is smaller than a quarter of the dominant wavelength, the peak instantaneous frequency of the composite reflection is higher than that of the normal interface reflection.
Yao et al. (2002, 2005) carried out a quantitative inversion of the wave impedance and the thickness of the media outside the casing pipe with a composite reflection coefficient.
Absolute expression levels are a composite reflection of many genetic and environmental variables.
Gene expression as a complex trait or phenotype is believed to be a composite reflection of multiple genetic and non-genetic factors and the genetic contribution is consequently often difficult to characterize (Stranger, Forrest et al. 2005; Forton and Kwiatkowski, 2006; Zhang, Richards et al. 2007).
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As shown in Fig. 5e, for the CNT film-Fe3O4-0.04 M-1L LSG composite, the reflection loss is below −10 dB at 12.0 16.7 GHz, and the minimum value is −44.7 dB at 13.9 GHz; the bandwidths of the reflection loss at −10 dB and −20 dB are 4.7 GHz and 2.2 GHz, respectively.
(b) Composite seismic reflection profile with geological interpretations.
To study the microwave absorption performance of the MWCNT/epoxy composites, the reflection loss of the prepared metal-backed single-layered composites was measured in the X-band.
It should be emphasized that with a thickness of only 3 mm and low CNT contents, i.e. 2 wt% for Baytubes C150P and 0.25 wt% for Nanocyl NC7000, these composites showed reflection loss values much better than other pristine CNT/polymer composites with similar or lower thicknesses and CNT loadings below 4 wt% reported in the literature.
In a comparison of the best microwave absorption performances obtained for the composites of the different MWCNT materials (Figure 8), it was observed that the epoxy composites showed reflection loss peaks at similar frequency ranges, i.e. a peak at 8.5-9 and the other at 10 10.5 GHz., but with significantly different reflection loss values.
The composite achieves a reflection loss below −10 dB over 7.6 GHz when the space is 4 mm.
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